Man survived traumatic injury when an iron rod shot through his brain

The strange case of Phineas Gage began in 1848 when physician and railroad executive Edward H. Williams rushed to the hotel in the town of Cavendish, Vermont to treat an injured man.

Gage worked as a blasting foreman, meaning he had to ensure rock didn’t block the advancing railway by filling holes with gunpowder and sand and igniting it to create powerful blasts. The full force of the explosion had to be directed at the rock, so Gage used a four-foot-long iron rod in the shape of a javelin to pack the contents of the hole down.

The 25-year-old and his team were working for the Rutland and Burlington Railroad on the afternoon of 13 September 1848 when a freak accident took place. Gage turned his head to chat to one of the men on his team when the iron rod came into contact with the rock and ignited the powder when it sparked.

The force from the explosion that followed made the rod shoot out of the hole and directly through Gage’s left cheek and out of the top of his head, landing 80 feet away and unsurprisingly covered in blood and brain matter.

When the physician arrived to treat Gage, who had a big hole in his cheek and another in the top of his head, he was surprised to see that the man was alive and alert.

Not only was Gage still alive despite his injuries, he rose from his chair when Williams arrived before vomiting a large quantity of blood. Williams also noticed a piece of the man’s brain on the floor.

When the horrific accident occurred, Gage collapsed and convulsed on his back several times and then remained still. His team couldn’t believe that he was still alive and was able to walk without help to an oxcart that transported him into town.

卡文迪许（Cavendish）的常驻医生威廉姆斯（Williams）和约翰·哈洛（John Harlow）对盖奇（Gage）的生存故事持怀疑态度，我们不能怪他们。

医生共同努力，将两个孔封闭在他的头上，杆左右，没有医疗专业人员认为他的伤势得以幸存。在接下来的几天里，医生不得不清洁坏死组织并从伤口中渗出脓液，而创伤事件发生后的12天，盖奇（Gage）陷入了昏迷。他再次违反了赔率，事故发生后24天，他回到走路和聊天。

He lived for 12 years after the accident despite losing a significant portion of his left frontal lobe, but the lasting impact of the accident became clear. Gage wasn’t the same again after the accident and observers including Dr. Harlow, identified a personality change.

Before the rod went through his brain, he was a good-natured man but afterwards, he was very impatient, dismissive and had violent mood swings. He also developed epilepsy later in life and died aged 36 on 21 May 1860 of a seizure.

The reason Gage survived the injury is because the fluid that would normally build up in the skull after a severe brain injury was able to drain away through his check, preventing inflammation, infection and haemorrhage and thus relieving pressure.

Gage’s mother gave permission for her son’s skull to be sent to Dr. Harlow for further study along with the rod. Both are now exhibited at the Warren Anatomical Museum at Harvard Medical School.